The Glitch
Overview: An installer
is advised to use a buffer tank to prevent short cycling of a low mass boiler
serving several independently controlled space heating zones. The system also
needs to provide domestic hot water. The design he comes up with is shown
below.
Exercise: Find at least five errors in
this layout.
The Fix
One rule of working with buffer tanks is to not operate the
buffer tank as part of the domestic water heating mode. The indirect tank
provides plenty of thermal mass to stabilized the boiler during this mode.
Storing heat in buffer tank for domestic water heating only adds to standby
heat loss. The fix is to operate the indirect tank as a separate circuit
independent of the space heating loads. Notice that hot water from the boiler
is drawn through the air separator in either space heating or DHW
mode.
The series primary/secondary piping shown in the Glitch
lowers the supply water temperature to the downstream secondary circuits. If
the DHW tank was allowed to operate simultaneously with space heating, the heat
exchanger in the indirect tank would get a relatively low supply temperature
due to temperature drop across the space heating secondary circuits. Better to
pipe these secondary circuits as parallel circuit to give them the same supply
temperature.
The incorrect piping also allows an undetermined percentage
of the boiler flow to pass through the buffer tank rather than pass through the
primary loop. This could exasperate the problem of temperature drop along the
primary loop due to low flow.
Finally, if the boiler is off and heat is being
supplied from the buffer tank, there is no way to prevent hot water flow
through the boiler heat exchanger. This situation will lead to excessive heat
loss from the boiler jacket.
In the Fix drawing, the buffer tank is simply piped
in as an alternative heat source. When its secondary circulator is operating,
its thermal mass “participates” in the space heat operation. If there is any
space heating mode where the buffer tank is not needed, it can be taken offline
by turning off its circulator.
OPERATING MODES
1. Buffer tank
charging mode: Circulators P2 and P3 are operating and boiler is firing. If
zone circulators are off then flow make "U-turn" between closely
spaced tees A and B. If one or more zones are on entering flow
"splits" at tee A (some to load, remainder to buffer tank through tee
B.
2. Supplying zones from boiler only: P2 is on, P3
is off. Hot water from boiler is injected at tee A, and drawn through zones.
Return water is pulled out at B and returned to boiler.
3. Supplying
zones from buffer tank only: If buffer tank is hot enough, and there is a call
for space heating. P2 is off, P3 is on. Hot water enter distribution system at
tee A and returns to buffer tank from tee B.
4. Prioritized domestic water
heating: Circualtor P1 is on, P2 is off. P3 might be operating if space heating
zones are active.
